Cultural
- Kumasi – There is archeological evidence that there has been a settlement at Kumasi since the Neolithic period.
- Mohenjo-Daro – one of the largest of the Harappan civilization’s settlements, center of a thriving culture that spanned northern India and Pakistan.
- Nan Madol – the ruins of the abandoned city of Nan Madol, lying adjacent to the eastern shore of the island of Pohnpei in Micronesia.
- Vilnius – changed dramatically from a backwater post to a cultural and political center. Migrants were welcomed by the authorities.
Industrial
- Brussels – For some two hundred years, the city passed from one ruler to another … more or less peacefully.
- Buenos Aires – Its lifestyle and architecture is more distinctly European than that of any other city in the southern hemisphere
- Hong Kong – maintains a semi-autonomous system of government that supports free trade, and the city remains one of civilization’s financial hubs.
- Toronto – Factories and warehouses clustered around the rail yards and the port. Besides spirits, Toronto now produces automobiles.
Militaristic
- Carthage – Ideally situated along the north coast of Africa, Carthage became an increasingly important center of trade in the Mediterranean through the next few centuries
- Kabul – the city became a center for Zoroastrianism. Numerous kingdoms and empires held Kabul over the next dozen centuries.
- Preslav – religious center when the Bulgars converted to Christianity in 864 and built a number of churches there.
- Valletta – Pope Pius V sent his own military architect to design the fortifications, and Philip II of Spain gave ships and weapons.
Religious
- Jerusalem – The past century has arguably been the most controversial in Jerusalem’s sad history.
- Kandy – indicate that the Sri Lankan town of Kandy was established by the monarch Vikramabahu III of Gampola.
- La Venta – Great Pyramid there was, at the time, the largest structure in the Americas; even after 2500 years of erosion, it rises 34 meters above the flat island.
- Yerevan – famous for its leather working (a leather shoe over 5,000 years old is on display in the History Museum of Armenia).
Scientific
- Geneva – Ownership of the city continued to slip between the warring neighboring states, until landing in the hands of the Germans in 1033 AD.
- Hattusa – A century later, King Anitta destroyed the town and then cursed it for good measure, inscribing on a rock.
- Seoul – The civil minister Choe Yun-ui invented moveable metal type there in 1234 AD to print 50 copies.
- Stockholm – The first king of Sweden, Gustav Vasa, was crowned in 1523, and the population of Stockholm began to boom.
Trade
- Amsterdam – In 1602, the Amsterdam offices of the Dutch East Indies Company became the world’s first stock exchange by trading in its own shares.
- Bandar Brunei – it became a prosperous port under the Sultanate in the 1500s and after they rid themselves of all those pirates.
- Mogadishu – In addition to India and Rome, Somali merchants moved cloth and other goods from Phoenicia, Egypt, Greece, Persia, and beyond, down the Swahili coast.
- Zanzibar – Meanwhile, all sorts of trading ships were sailing in and out of the harbors, both European and Asian. The sultans continued to rule from Stone Town for the next two centuries, so long as the Portuguese got their cut.
