Military Policies
Propaganda
Accumulate 25% less war weariness than usual.
Required Civics:
- Mass Media
Social psychologists have studied propaganda, and while it cannot change beliefs or convictions, it can reinforce these or cause doubt about other ones. Propaganda shares some techniques with two other mass-media phenomenon, advertising and public relations… and truly it is tough at times to distinguish between the three.
Although there have been instances of propaganda ever since the printing press was invented, the coming of film and broadcast brought propaganda to the forefront during the first two world wars, and the subsequent Cold War.
So virulent did the propaganda become that the United Nations added Article 20 to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1966 which prohibited any propaganda for war or any advocacy that could lead to violence.
Levée en masse
Unit maintenance cost reduced by 2 Gold per turn, per unit.
Required Civics:
- Mobilization
In response to reverses at the hands of the First Coalition, the revolutionary National Convention of France decreed a “levée en masse” in August 1793 AD, a “requisition” of all able-bodied, unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 25.
While there had been conscription in many countries previously, the French approach meant that unprecedentedly large armies could be raised and put into the field… giving French generals the numbers to pound their many enemies into defeat.
The levée in times of crisis was a major development in the history of modern warfare, leading to increasingly larger forces with each successive war, culminating in the enormous armies of the First and Second world wars.
Their Finest Hour
+50% Production toward Modern and Atomic air units.
Made obsolete by:
- Strategic Air Force
Required Civics:
- Suffrage
On 18 June 1940, Prime Minister Churchill addressed Parliament on the state of the war against Nazi Germany, given over in large part to praising the Royal Air Force’s battle against the Luftwaffe. Although the phrase “their finest hour” did not refer specifically to the RAF, it has come to be most closely associated with its pilots.
Churchill noted, “it is a very great pity that we have not got an Air Force at least equal to that of the most powerful enemy within striking distance of these shores.” While Churchill did not call for increased investment, this speech served as the impetus for the British government to devote most of its production and training resources to planes and pilots for a year.
Lightning Warfare
+50% Production for all heavy and light cavalry units.
Required Civics:
- Totalitarianism
“Lightning” warfare, better known by the German term blitzkrieg, is a strategy that concentrates motorized forces to create a high-speed breakthrough of an enemy’s lines. Using combined arms and tactical air power, it seeks to keep an enemy off-balance, penetrating deep into the rear and attacking units flanking the breakthrough.
The effects could be devastating, especially to morale (soldiers don’t like to be surrounded). Pioneered by Heinz Guderian and perfected by Erich von Manstein and Erwin Rommel, so effective was the blitzkrieg in Poland, France, and Russia that the Soviet Union and Western Allies adopted it to ultimately defeat Nazi Germany.
Martian Law
Accumulate 25% less war weariness than usual.
Required Civics:
- Totalitarianism
Martial law is that legalism by which military law “temporarily” supersedes civil law, declared by a government whereby it doesn’t have to worry about such niceties as civil rights, habeas corpus, civil courts (civilians defying martial law can be tried by military tribunals), and can impose curfews, travel bans, rationing, and such at will.
In effect, all power is transferred to the military, and is removed from the previous executive, legislative, and judicial authorities (some of whom may well be imprisoned themselves). There are many potential reasons for imposition of martial law “to restore order”: following a coup (as in Thailand in 2006) or a natural disaster (the San Francisco earthquake), perhaps during labor unrest (the Colorado Coalfields War) or war (as in Hawaii from 1941 to 1944).
Patriotic War
+100% Production for Modern, Atomic, and Information era support units.
Required Civics:
- Class Struggle
Every war fought by the people is, in a sense, a “patriotic war” (after all, other than religion, it is the most effective way to convince folks to kill each other).
But in the 20th Century AD, the term patriotic war has designated those conflicts where, according to Communist doctrine, the proletariat has risen to defend itself against a foreign threat. More generally, it refers to a war to defend the homeland, or in this case, the “Motherland.”
First applied to the general resistance by the Russian peasantry to Napoleon’s invasion in 1812, it was more generally used to refer to the costly defense of Russia against Germany in the Second World War.
Defence of the Motherland
No war weariness from combat in your territory.
Required Civics:
- Class Struggle
Although the term “Motherland” has been adopted by a number of groups to refer to their homeland, it is most closely associated with Soviet Russia and especially the defense of Russia against the Nazi German invasion during World War II.
During the course of that struggle, Russia lost some 26.6 million people, 16 million of them civilians – roughly 13.7% of its 1940 population. The spirit of defiance and extreme sacrifice by the common people against foreign invasion is credited with the victory. These days, in Russia 23 February has been set aside as “Defense of the Motherland Day.”
Economic Policies
Resource Management
1 copy of a Strategic resource allows you to produce and purchase units requiring it in any city.
Required Civics:
- Conservation
The “efficient and effective development of an organisation’s resources when they are needed”… resource management. As corporations grew larger and evolved into multi-national conglomerates it became vital for those wishing to survive to insure that resources were never over-allocated to projects.
Perhaps the best method of doing this is “resources leveling” – financial, inventory, human, production output, and even information – avoiding both excess inventories and sudden shortages. The trick is to invest in resources as “stored capabilities” and then “unleash” these as necessary and practical.
The spread of resource management principles have allowed corporations to engage in some immense, both in terms of size and duration, yet profitable projects since the 1950s.
Market Economy
Required Civics:
- Capitalism
Your international Trade Routes provide +1 resource improved at the destination, as well as +2 Gold per Luxury and Strategic Culture and +2 Science.
Whereas for several centuries laissez-faire economics operated, by the mid-19th Century such free-wheeling markets faced – for a variety of reasons – opposition; governments in the industrializing countries intervened on the behalf of workers and the general populace, enacting factory standards and consumer protection laws and breaking up monopolies.
Arose “market economies,” in which purchase and production of goods are based on principles of supply and demand. Market economies can range from regulated markets to various forms of state interventionist models. In reality, neither market economies nor free markets exist in “pure” form, since throughout the 20th Century, governments regulated most businesses to varying degrees.
Economic Union
+100% Commercial Hub and Harbor district adjacency bonuses.
Required Civics:
- Suffrage
Under the impetus of globalization, smaller nations have found themselves unable to compete with the larger states in terms of capital, labor, production, and raw materials. To that end, a number of economic unions – trade blocs composed of a common market and a customs union, often with some sort of unifying currency – began to coalesce in the 1980s.
Member nations agree to common product and business laws, free cross-border movement of goods and services, joint external trade regulations, and so forth. A number have been cobbled together over the past few decades: CARICOM, the Eurasian Economic Union, Mercosur, but undoubtedly the biggest and most influential is the European Union created by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 AD.
New Deal
+4 Housing, +2 Amenities, -8 Gold to all cities with at least 3 specialty districts.
Required Civics:
- Suffrage
The Great Depression devastated the world. In some countries it led to the rise of totalitarian governments (Mussolini’s Italy, for example); in others, it led to political realignment (Britain) or the rise of Communist parties (France). In the United States, the Depression led to the New Deal, a series of domestic programs championed by then-President Franklin Roosevelt.
These laws, executive initiatives, and presidential decrees aimed at relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery for American industry, and reforms to economic oversight. Although most of the New Deal programs have faded away, some of the alphabet soup remains in place: FDIC, FCIC, FHA, TVA, SEC along with the most extensive of all, the Social Security System.
Five-year Plan
+100% Campus and Industrial Zone district adjacency bonuses.
Required Civics:
- Class Struggle
The five-years plans of Soviet Russia were a series of economic development guidelines devised by a state planning committee appointed by the Communist Party; the first was initiated in 1928 AD, and the last was in operation when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. Fulfilling the plan was the primary motivating factor for a Soviet bureaucracy that became unwieldy attempting to do so.
However, the initial successes of the early plans motivated other communist nations, such as Mao’s China and Castro’s Cuba, and even some capitalist states to adopt this method of promoting and coordinating economic development. Most have sensibly abandoned such a restrictive and often unrealistic approach.
Collectivisation
+4 Food from domestico Trade Routes.
Required Civics:
- Class Struggle
As a result of a looming famine and two million ton shortfall in grain in 1928 AD, Stalin claimed the grain was being hoarded by kulaks. At a plenary session of the Central Committee in November 1929, the Politboro embarked on a program of collectivization of agricultural production in the Soviet Union… by force.
Between 1929 and 1940, over 91% of all agricultural production was “converted” into collective farms (kolkhozy); the rural, peasant-owned farmland was subjected to industrialization and mass production to feed the exploding urban population and supply cash exports (since most capitalist countries wouldn’t trade for anything else with Russia).
Although more efficient and controllable, collectivization never saw Soviet agriculture reach pre-Revolution production levels.
Diplomatic Policies
Police State
Enemy Spies level reduced by 2 in your lands. However all cities suffer-1 Amenity.
Required Civics:
- Ideology
The traditional police state that arose in various countries during the 18th and 19th centuries was a mixture of autocratic reforms, paternalistic benevolence and compulsion… not necessarily repressive, with its emphasis on national security and progress.
But the modern police state arose in the 20th Century and presupposes an authoritarian regime, which in turn grants sweeping powers to its law enforcement agencies. Inhabitants of the latter face restrictions on their freedom to move about, express political or social views, and high levels of surveillance (the primary purpose of the “secret police”).
Nuclear Espionage
Spies who steal a tech boost without being detected gain an extra boost.
Required Civics:
- Nuclear Program
Nuclear weapons tremendously shift the balance of power in favor of the countries that possess them. Nuclear espionage is the unauthorized trading of any confidential information relating to nuclear weapons – such as design and production methods.
Even as the first nuclear weapon was being developed by America, this form of espionage was present. Klaus Fuchs, a theoretical physicist who worked at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project, was caught delivering nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union.
The delivery systems of these weapons advanced and so too did the methods of securing those advancements – and yet the sale of nuclear secrets continues, allowing smaller nations to covertly affect their standing in the balance of power.
Arsenal of Democracy
Your Trade Routes to an Ally’s city provide +2 Food and +2 Production for both cities.
Required Civics:
- Suffrage
A year before Pearl Harbor, in October 1940 AD, President Roosevelt used a radio broadcast to the American public to promise military supplies to beleaguered Great Britain… while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting against all-conquering Nazi Germany.
During that broadcast Roosevelt used images of America as the “arsenal of democracy” to argue against the isolationist and non-interventionist doctrine the country had followed since the end of the bloody First World War. In effect, rather than take on the Axis directly, Roosevelt pledged American aid as the principle arms supplier for the Allied effort in total war. Although Roosevelt broke a number of international and American laws to do so, it was pledge he kept.
Gunboat Diplomacy
Open Borders with all city-states, and +4 Influence points per turn toward earning Envoys.
Required Civics:
- Totalitarianism
Gunboat diplomacy – or, in Teddy’s words, the “Big Stick” policy – is the pursuit of foreign policy objectives through conspicuous demonstrations of overwhelming military force, with the threat of open hostilities underlying the display by the more powerful nation.
Roosevelt himself described it as “the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis.” The term came into popular usage during the period of European imperialism, as the colonial powers used the presence of warships to force concessions (e.g. Perry’s Black Ship, the Paknam Incident, etc.).
Great Person Policies
Laissez-Faire
+4 Great Merchant points per turn.
Required Civics:
- Capitalism
Laissez-faire economics is the capitalist’s holy grail, for all private transactions are completely free from any sort of government involvement or oversight – including tariffs, subsidies, trade regulations, limits on monopolies, price controls, labor affairs, or any other such nonsense.
The debate on laissez-faire economics dates back as far as the Han, Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties in China when officials and merchants argued for centuries on how much government involvement was necessary or justified. In the modern age, as multi-national corporations became ever more influential, the debate intensified, with Adam Smith acknowledging deep moral ambiguities and John Maynard Keynes condemning laissez-faire economics outright.
Nobel Prize
+4 Great Scientist points per turn.
Required Civics:
- Nuclear Program
Not wanting to go down in history as the “merchant of death” (no matter how justified) that a French newspaper referred to him as, Alfred Nobel in his will left about 94% of his great wealth to the establishment of five prizes to be awarded annually.
These prizes – in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace – were to be given to “those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” On the fifth anniversary of Nobel’s death, in December 1901, the first were presented.
Since then, the Prize has become the highest honor a scientist can receive, bringing recognition, academic advancement, and new research opportunities. To date (and increasing each year), some 870 individuals and 23 organizations have won Nobel Prizes.
